behavior is associated with health and disease has never been in doubt. Indeed, the tendency to blame sinful, negligent, indulgent, ignorant, reckless, or selfish behavior for health problems has too often placed undue emphasis on individual responsibility and culpability when the solution to health problems of populations demanded attention to the social and physical environment. But no matter how behavior is framed or moralized in relation to its causes, it remains an inescapable variable in the pathway between ultimate upstream aetiologies and the incidence or prevalence of most diseases and health conditions downstream.
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